The Central Intelligence Agency and Overhead Reconnaissance; The U-2 and OXCART Programs, 1954-1974

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program when he saw how much intelligence it could gather on the
Soviet Union. Because his own interests lay more in the area of hu­
man intelligence, he left the management of the reconnaissance pro­
gram in the hands of DDCI Cabell and project director Richard
Bissell.
GARDNER, Trevor
During World War II, Gardner worked on the Manhattan Project, and
later he headed the General Tire and Rubber Company before starting
his own research and development firm, the Hycon Company, which
built aerial cameras. Gardner served as the Secretary of the Air
Force's Special Assistant for Research and Development and then as
the Assistant Secretary for Research and Development during
Eisenhower's first term of office. Gardner's concern about the danger
of a surprise attack helped lead to the establishment of the
Technological Capabilities Panel. Gardner also urged the building of
Lockheed's CL-282 aircraft.
GEARY, Leo P.
Air Force colonel (later brigadier general) who was James
Cunningham's Air Force counterpart in the U-2 program. He was in­
strumental in diverting engines from other Air Force projects for use
in the U-2, and his 10 years with the U-2 project provided a high de­
gree of continuity.
GOODPASTER, Andrew J.
An Army colonel who served as President Eisenhower's Staff
Secretary from 1954 to 196 l. During this period, he was the CIA's
point of contact in the White House for arranging meetings with the
President on the subject of overhead reconnaissance. Goodpaster's
later career included service as the supreme commander of NATO and
then commandant of the US Military Academy at West Point.
HELMS, Richard M.
DCI from 1966 to 1973. During his tenure as DCI, the CIA's manned
reconnaissance program came under heavy pressure because of com­
petition from the Air Force's reconnaissance program.
JOHNSON, Clarence L. (Kelly)
One of the nation's foremost aeronautical designers, Kelly Johnson
graduated from the University of Michigan's School of Aeronautics
in 1933 and began working for the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation.
During World War U he designed the P-38 fighter, and after the war
his design successes continued with the F-104 jet fighter, the
Constellation airliner, and the CIA's two strategic reconnaissance air­
craft, the U-2 and the OXCART A-12.
~eeret NOF'ORN
Appendix B
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