AAWSAP DIRD, The Role of Superconductors in Gravity Research, March 2010

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Gravity Waves
A distinction should be made between gravitational waves, the gravitational "force,"
and anomalous forces. Currently, work on gravitational waves is divided into two more
or less distinct realms: low frequency (less than a few hundred Hz) and high frequency
(greater than ~ several tens of kHz). The existence of gravitational waves of any
frequency is a natural outcome of Einstein's theory of general relativity (GR). The
search for low-frequency gravitational waves currently utilizes large, heavy, and long
metal bars as detectors together with interferometers, strain gauges, and
accelerometers in an attempt to detect quadrupolar gravitational waves from
cosmological sources, such as binary stars. The general idea is that if a large mass of
precisely known dimensions is effectively isolated from the surrounding environment
(such as Earth) by means of special vibration and other isolators, the masses will
interact with the small-amplitude gravity waves emitted by large masses in the cosmos
and their lengths will change, but by extremely small amounts. UGO, LISA, VIRGO,
DECIGO (Japan), and CEGO {China) are some of the acronyms given to these
experiments. They are primarily attempts to verify the existence of these waves to
further solidify the understanding that GR gives us about the nature of space and
matter. Several researchers consider that high-frequency gravitational waves (HFGW)
will be produced in the laboratory under certain conditions in the near future (Reference
1). These researchers have a considerably more ambitious view of the future than the
low-frequency gravitational wave researchers, including the use of HFGW for
communications, telescopy, microscopy, and possibly propulsion. Some consider that
the production and detection of these waves will be mediated, or at least assisted, by
superconductors (References 2, 3). Current research on the link between HFGW and the
manipulation of gravity for propulsion is at present only theoretical. If gravitational
waves can interact with and be converted into forces in laboratory-scale matter, it is
hoped that those forces would be manifest not as gravitational forces per se, as these
gravitational forces would be exceedingly small and difficult to unequivocally detect in
the laboratory, but rather as electromagnetic or ponderable nongravitational forces,
thus making them more amenable to detection by electromagnetic means.
Gravitoelectromagnetism
The gravitational "force" arises from the tendency of one body to accelerate toward
another. (Force is in quotation marks here merely for simplicity and ease of use when
comparing gravity with other forces, as many other gravity-like forces can be easily
confused in the laboratory with actual gravitational attraction.) The physical explanation
for gravitational attraction has been elusive at best. Several notable attempts at novel
explanations have recently been published. Puthoff (Reference 4) developed an idea
originally put forward by Sakharov (Reference 5) that posits gravity as a Casimir-like
attraction arising within the universal sea of fluctuating electromagnetic interactions,
sometimes called zero-point fluctuations. Alzofon (Reference 6) presented an
engineering approach to interacting with gravity by means of altering nuclear entropy
using a technique associated with electron paramagnetic resonance called dynamic
nuclear orientation-that is, enhanced polarization of the magnetic moments of
nucleons by interaction with pulsed polarized electron spins. Hughes (Reference 7)
analyzed the Kopernicky Conjecture, which holds that gravity is nothing other than the
slight difference between forces of coulomb attraction and repulsion. However, none of
these researchers appealed to the special form of matter constituting superconductors.
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