AAWSAP DIRD, Ultracapacitors as Energy and Power Storage Devices, November 2010

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Contents
Summary................................................................................................................iv
Chapter 1: Concept Overview ................................................................................ 1
Batteries and Ultracaps ...................................................................................... 3
History ............................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 2: Materials Technology ........................................................................... 8
Electrolytes ........................................................................................................ 8
Electrodes ............................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Chapter 3: Applications ....................................................................................... 13
Electronics and Telecommunications................................................................ 13
Industrial ......................................................................................................... 13
Transportation ................................................................................................. 14
Aerospace ........................................................................................................ 15
Chapter 4: Recent Developments ........................................................................ 17
CNTs and Advanced Carbons ............................................................................ 17
Thin Films ........................................................................................................ 20
Magnetic Capacitors ......................................................................................... 21
Chapter 5: Future Developments ......................................................................... 25
Chapter 6: Conclusions........................................................................................ 27
Chapter 7: Endnotes ............................................................................................ 28
Figures
Figure 1. Ultracaps in Various Configurations . ...................................................... 1
Figure 2. Operation of an Ultracapacitor................................................................3
Figure 3. Ragone Plot.............................................................................................5
Figure 4. Electrolytic Capacitor as Designed and Patented by SOHIO.....................5
Figure 5. Activated Carbon Porosity.....................................................................10
Figure 6. Ultracapacitor Use in a Forklift................................................................14
Figure 7. CNT Forest................................................................................................18
Figure 8. Transmission Electron Microscope Image of Graphene .........................19
Figure 9. Relationship Between Average Pore Size and Normalized Specific
Capacitance............................................................................................................. 20
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