AAWSAP DIRD, Quantum Tomography of Negative Energy States in the Vacuum, January 2011

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oi [
hro
hco]
p(ro)dro = -
----- + -
dco
rc2c3 exp(hco/ k8T) - 1
2
(2)
3
= - hro-2 3 coth ( --
hro Jdro,
2n c
2k8 T
where kp, is Boltzmann's constant (1. 3807 x 10-23 J/K) and Tis the absolute
temperature. The factor outside the square brackets in the first line of Eq. (2) is the
density of mode (or photon) states (i.e., the number of states per unit frequency
interval per unit volume); the first term inside the square brackets is the standard
Planck blackbody radiation energy per mode; and the second term inside the square
brackets is the quantum zero-point energy per mode. Equation (2) is called the Zero­
Point Planck (ZPP) spectral radiation energy density. Planck first added the ZPE term to
the classical blackbody spectral radiation energy density in 1912, although it was
Einstein, Hopf, and Stern who actually recognized the physical significance of this term
in 1913 [25]. Direct spectroscopic evidence for the reality of ZPE was provided by
Mulliken's boron monoxide spectral band experiments in 1924, several months before
Heisenberg first derived the ZPE for a harmonic oscillator from his new quantum matrix
mechanics theory [39].
Following this line of reasoning, quantum physics predicts that all of space must be
filled with quantum electromagnetic ZPF creating a universal sea of zero-point energy.
The other quantum forces of nature also have their own vacuum ZPF which contributes
to the universal sea of zero-point energy. But that is beyond the scope of this report.
Negative (Sub-Vacuum) Energy in Squeezed Light
Substantial theoretical and experimental work has shown that in many quantum
systems the limits to measurement precision imposed by the quantum vacuum ZPF can
be breached by decreasing the noise in one observable (or measurable quantity) at the
expense of increasing the noise in the conjugate observable; at the same time the
variations in the first observable, say the energy, are reduced below the ZPF such that
the energy becomes "negative." "Squeezing" is thus the control of quantum
fluctuations and corresponding uncertainties, whereby one can squeeze/reduce the
variance of one (physically important) observable quantity provided the variance in the
(physically unimportant) conjugate variable is stretched/increased. The squeezed
quantity possesses an unusually low variance, meaning less variance than would be
expected on the basis of the equipartition theorem . One can in principle exploit
quantum squeezing to extract energy from one place in the ordinary vacuum at the
expense of accumulating excess energy elsewhere [8].
The squeezed state of the electromagnetic field is a primary example of a quantum field
that has negative energy density and negative energy flux. Such a state became a
physical reality in the laboratory as a result of the nonlinear-optics technique of
"squeezing," i.e., of moving some of the quantum-fluctuations of laser light out of the
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