AAWSAP DIRD, Antigravity for Aerospace Applications, March 2010

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Appendix A
STATIC RADIAL ELECTRIC & MAGNETIC FIELDS
It is beyond the scope of this report to include all the technical configurations by which
one can generate static, radially-dependent electric or magnetic fields. However, there
remains the problem of engineering these fields to produce a borderline exotic energy
state because classical electromagnetic theory states that every observer will see a
non-negative energy density that is oc E2 +B2 , where the electric field (£) and magnetic
field (B) strengths are measured in any observer's reference frame. It is not known how
to increase the tension in these fields using current physics, but some new physics may
provide an answer. This technical problem must be left for future investigation .
SQUEEZED QUANTUM VACUUM
Substantial theoretical and experimental work has shown that in many quantum
systems the limits to measurement precision imposed by the quantum vacuum zero­
point fluctuations (ZPF) can be breached by decreasing the noise in one observable (or
measurable quantity) at the expense of increasing the noise in the conjugate
observable; at the same time the variations in the first observable, say the energy, are
reduced below the ZPF such that the energy becomes "negative." "Squeezing" is thus
the control of quantum fluctuations and corresponding uncertainties, whereby one can
squeeze/reduce the variance of one (physically important) observable quantity provided
the variance in the (physically unimportant) conjugate variable is stretched/increased.
The squeezed quantity possesses an unusually low variance, meaning less variance
than would be expected on the basis of the equipartition theorem. One can in principle
exploit quantum squeezing to extract energy from one place in the ordinary vacuum at
the expense of accumulating excess energy elsewhere (Reference 21) .
The squeezed state of the electromagnetic field is a primary example of a quantum field
that has negative energy density and negative energy flux. Such a state became a
physical reality in the laboratory as a result of the nonlinear-optics technique of
"squeezing"-that is, of moving some of the quantum-fluctuations of laser light out of
the cos[w(t - z/c)] part of the beam and into the sin[w(t - z/c)] part (Reference 77­
82) .15 The observable that gets squeezed will have its fluctuations reduced below the
vacuum ZPF. The act of squeezing transforms the phase space circular noise profile
characteristic of the vacuum into an ellipse, whose semimajor and semiminor axes are
given by unequal quadrature uncertainties (of the quantized electromagnetic field
harmonic oscillator operators). This applies to coherent states in general, and the usual
vacuum is also a coherent state with eigenvalue zero. As this ellipse rotates about the
origin with angular frequency, w, these unequal quadrature uncertainties manifest
themselves in the electromagnetic field oscillator energy by periodic occurrences, which
are separated by one quarter cycle, of both smaller and larger fluctuations compared to
the unsqueezed vacuum.
Morris and Thorne (Reference 21) and Caves (Reference 83) point out that if one
squeezes the vacuum-that is, if one puts vacuum rather than laser light into the input
port of a squeezing device-then one gets at the output an electromagnetic field with
15 w is the angular frequency of light, tis time, and z denotes the z-axis direction of beam propagation.
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