AAWSAP DIRD, Antigravity for Aerospace Applications, March 2010

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the efficacy of using Type Ia supernovae as a standard distance candle for cosmological
dark energy surveys. The Higher-Z team's results also concluded, with 98 percent
confidence, that wde = - 1.0, and that this is a perpetual constant (over at least 10 billion
years time) (Reference 54). This result falsifies all quintessence models for cosmology.
Therefore, a cosmological constant is consistent with the dark energy data to a high
degree of precision and statistical confidence whereby one can now state that dark
energy is the vacuum energy of Einstein's cosmological constant because wdc = wA = -1
(Reference 55,56).
Equation (20) can be integrated to find the evolution of the dark energy density, Pde =
PA, as a function of the cosmological scale factor a:
(22)
where a' is the dummy integration variable for the scale factor. Since wde = - 1 (= wA ) is
a constant in Equation (22), then Pc,•. oc aexp[-3(1 + ~1,)] or Pde = P A oc a0. This is exactly
what is expected on the basis of previous analysis in Section III-D-2. For a comparison
with this result, one should note that pc2 oc a-3 for (ordinary and dark) matter and Prn<1 oc
a-4 for radiation such that pc2 ➔ 0 and p,,d ➔ 0 as a ➔ oo while Pde = PA remains constant.
Antigravity Propulsion Application of Dark/Vacuum Energy
If one could somehow harness a local amount of dark/vacuum energy, then use can be
made of its negative pressure property to produce an antigravity propulsion effect? To
answer this question one can use the estimated value for Pde = PA:=:; 2.4poc2 ~ 10-9 J/m3,
where po is the present-day value of the total cosmological mass density of (ordinary
and dark) matter (Reference 54,57). Using this number one can work through the math
and estimate that the total amount of dark/vacuum energy contained within our solar
system amounts to the mass equivalent of a small asteroid. This means that its
repulsive gravitational influence upon planetary orbital dynamics inside the solar
system is completely inconsequential. Only on the extragalactic-to-cosmological scale
will its repulsive gravitational property achieve strong enough influence over matter and
spacetime. On this basis, one can conclude that it is highly unlikely, if not impossible,
that one will be able to invent a technology in the near future that can acquire and
exploit a near-cosmological amount of dark/vacuum energy to implement a useful
antigravity propulsion system.
IV. Quantum Antigravity Propulsion Concepts
Quantum antigravity can be found within the very large genre of quantum gravity
theories in which repulsive gravity terms appear as quantum corrections to the classical
Newtonian gravitational force law. Generally, one can derive such correction terms by
quantizing the Einstein general relativistic field equation or by starting with a particular
type of quantum field theory (for example, supersymmetric field theory, quantized 5­
dimensional Kaluza-Klein unified field theories, quantum superstrings/D-Brane theory,
quantum loops or knots, and Yang-Mills theories) and work backwards to find the
corresponding gravity theory. The particular mathematical form and quantitative
magnitude that quantum correction terms can have totally depends upon the
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