AAWSAP DIRD, Cognitive Limits on Simultaneous Control of Multiple Unmanned Spacecraft, December 2010

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In a post-hoc examination of sources of human error in taped controller data, Chang
developed a conceptual model of ATC task within a system of human, software,
hardware, and environment using the SHEL23 approach of ergonomics. This study also
examined several aspects of personnel management, but when overload was examined
as the source of error, it was shown that all factors need to be considered along with
their interaction. That is, the human and the external task cannot be considered in
isolation of the environment of the other humans, and the augmentation capabilities of
software, hardware, and the performance environment significantly affect error rates. 24
Operator overload can result in subsequent errors if sufficient recovery time is not
allotted. Di Nocera examined specific error rates after short periods of overload. The
first part of the study successfully proved that these so-called post-completion errors
existed in times immediately after peaks in workload. The second part of the study
examined whether an augmentation tool to assist in medium term conflict detection
could reduce these errors. The subject population included 18 military ATC of varying
experience. Workload was based on self-reported NASA-TLX. Results showed that
augmentation processes helped junior controllers, but senior controllers were
unaffected by the assistance. 25
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